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May 2006

Volume 13, Issue 5, Articles (05xxxx)

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Supernovae and gamma-ray bursts: Relativistic plasma physics in the Einstein centennial

J. Craig Wheeler

Phys. Plasmas 13, 058101 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2174824 (6 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 May 2006

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Supernovae and gamma-ray bursts are violent explosive events that require both the heritage of Einstein and complex plasma physics to understand. Core collapse supernovae raise issues of astrophysical dynamos and the dynamics of magnetic fields under exotic conditions to account for the ubiquitous asymmetries, frequently axisymmetric, that are observed. Gamma-ray bursts are extreme examples of this phenomenon involving flows with Lorentz factor of order 100 and again fundamental issues of plasma physics in the production of the flow and the acceleration of radiating particles to high velocities. Other types of explosions, those involving thermonuclear combustion in white dwarf stars, have been used to discover the acceleration of the Universe, once more invoking the spirit of Einstein to challenge physics at the deepest levels.
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95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
97.60.Bw Supernovae
98.70.Rz γ-ray sources; γ-ray bursts
52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
97.20.Rp Faint blue stars (including blue stragglers), white dwarfs, degenerate stars, nuclei of planetary nebulae

Transport optimization in stellarators

H. E. Mynick

Phys. Plasmas 13, 058102 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2177643 (7 pages) | Cited 41 times

Online Publication Date: 8 May 2006

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A survey of the approaches which have been developed for mitigating transport in stellarators is presented. A primary deficiency of stellarators has been elevated transport levels due to their nonaxisymmetry. Since the early 1980s, stellarator research has addressed this difficulty, developing a range of techniques for reducing transport, both neoclassical and, more recently, also anomalous. Several of these approaches are now being implemented in a new generation of experiments in the United States and abroad. This paper describes the fundamental physics of these methods for transport reduction.
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52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
52.25.Fi Transport properties

Computational modeling of fully ionized magnetized plasmas using the fluid approximation

D. D. Schnack, D. C. Barnes, D. P. Brennan, C. C. Hegna, E. Held, C. C. Kim, S. E. Kruger, A. Y. Pankin, and C. R. Sovinec

Phys. Plasmas 13, 058103 (2006); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2183738 (21 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 11 May 2006

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Strongly magnetized plasmas are rich in spatial and temporal scales, making a computational approach useful for studying these systems. The most accurate model of a magnetized plasma is based on a kinetic equation that describes the evolution of the distribution function for each species in six-dimensional phase space. High dimensionality renders this approach impractical for computations for long time scales. Fluid models are an approximation to the kinetic model. The reduced dimensionality allows a wider range of spatial and∕or temporal scales to be explored. Computational modeling requires understanding the ordering and closure approximations, the fundamental waves supported by the equations, and the numerical properties of the discretization scheme. Several ordering and closure schemes are reviewed and discussed, as are their normal modes, and algorithms that can be applied to obtain a numerical solution.
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52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
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